While Eat Bulaga consistently rules the daytime ratings, Darna, on the other hand, is marking the primetime block as its territory as it enjoys a continuous increase in ratings.
Darna, on its 3rd day, topped the primetime ratings game and came in with a 46.7% rating. This sudden increase may be a result of the first time appearance of Marian Rivera as Darna.
Two other GMA-7 shows big improvement in the Mega Manila primetime ratings game. Rosalinda was able to finish third and for the first time posted its first 30+ rating with 31.6%, followed by Adik Sa ‘Yo, placing in to the no. 5 position with a 28.5% ratings.
Tayong Dalawa is the only ABS-CBN show in top 5 primetime ratings and managed to register a 29.6% rating and occupy the no. 4 position.
AGB Mega Manila Ratings
August 13, 2009 – Wednesday
Daytime Program Ratings
1. Eat Bulaga! (GMA-7) – 26%
2. Kung Aagawin Mo ang Lahat Sa Akin (GMA-7) – 20.2%
3. Daisy Siete: Chacha Muchacha (GMA-7) – 19%
4. Ngayon at Kailanman (GMA-7) / Hole In The Wall (GMA-7) – 18.6%
5. Wowowee (ABS-CBN) – 16.7%
6. Kambal Sa Uma (ABS-CBN) – 14.5%
7. Hunter X Hunter (GMA-7) – 14.1%
8. Buzzer Beater (GMA-7) – 11.8%
9. Chil Princesses (GMA-7) – 11.5%
10. Pilipinas, Game KNB? (ABS-CBN) – 11.2%
Primetime Program Ratings
1. Darna (GMA-7) – 46.7%
2. 24 Oras (GMA-7) – 32.1%
3. Rosalinda (GMA-7) – 31.6%
4. Tayong Dalawa (ABS-CBN) – 29.6%
5. Adik Sa ‘Yo (GMA-7) – 28.5%
6. TV Patrol World (ABS-CBN) / May Bukas Pa (ABS-CBN) – 25.8%
7. Only You (ABS-CBN) – 25.3%
8. All My Life (GMA-7) – 22.9%
9. The Wedding (ABS-CBN) – 21.6%
10. Cruel Love (GMA-7) – 19.3%
superrdoskme! u make my day napatawa mo ko sa mga huling linya mo..oo nga 220 khit mga newscaster nila ppangit ktulad nlang ni mike kailong..
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CONGRATS KAPUSO !!!
Wag pansinin ang mga talunan!!!!
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Go darna~!.. even though I like bro I still love Darna~!!
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To those people fightng 4 GMA7. . .Lets not mind our dstractors. Basta tayo. . .Sure na sure that WE are the no.1 tv station. We are confident that the shows of GMA is way better than ABS. We cnt really forced them to beliv us. . .Kasi ayaw nila. Mas lalo pang gumanda ang primetime bcoz of SURVIVOR. Gogogogogogo KAPUSO.Ü
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KAPAMILYA NA LANG ANG NANINIWALA SA TNS KASI SILA LANG ANG SUBSCRIBER DUN!! HAHAHA
SINCE NATATALO NA SILA SA AGB RATINGS…SINASABI NA NG MGA KAPAMILYUCKS NA MANIPULATED ANG RATINGS!! HAHAHA
GMA IS THE NO.1.. PUMAPANTAY LANG KAYO…PERO DI NYO MAUUNGUSAN NG STRAIGHT WEEK!!
SA OPISINA NAMIN KAHIT MGA KAPAMILYA UNG IBA..DARNA NA RIN ANG PINAG UUSAPAN!!
GO DARNA!!
LIPAD PA!!
PROUD TO BE KAPUSO!!
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@dennis hay nku walang katapusang issue bout agb and tns ang mga pinagsasabi nyo..nakita mo ba ang headline TNS MEGA MANILA RATINGS!!! hindi kyang mging no.1 straight 4 a week helerrrr ngayon nlang kyo ang abs ilang dekada na no. 1 straight..hindi nyo kyang tanggalin sa top 10 shows ang abs ang kanguso na-sstraight kulelat against dos..ska mo na sabihing no.1 ang gma kung kya nila pagsabayin maging no. 1 luzon,visayas,mindanao…hindi nila kaya yun….pakita ebidensya na nag no.1 sila nationwide khit once man lang..ang abs-cbn manila, nationwide kaya nilang pagsabayin maging no.1…..period..
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wag na natin pansinin ang mga bitter na kapamilya kc talunan na sila.. palubog na!!! nyahahaha.GMA pa rin ang n0. 1. ang pagpapatunay ay ung number of viewers.
eto ang explanation nyan mga bopols na kapamilya.
for example in mega manila the tv viewers ay 800,000. kung ang nanonod ng GMA ay 600,000 ang percentage ay 75%
in luzon-300,000/600,000-50%
in visayas-100,000/400,000-25%
in mindanao-100,000/300,000-33.33%
so pag kinuha mo ung average in percentage GMA-45.83% vs ABS-54.17%
kaya sinasabi na mas mataas ang rating ng ABS-CBN. pero kung ibase mo yan sa no. of viewer at hindi sa rating ang 1,100,000-GMA vs 1,000,000-ABS-CBN..
so lumalabas pa rin na mas marami nanonood sa GMA kahit na panalo ang ABS sa vis at min..
gaya ng sa eleksyon kung sino ang maraming boto sya ang panalo.
mga bopols talaga ang kapamilya d nag-iisip. nyahahahaha
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Lobo is nothing compared to all the projects that Angel Locsin have done way back when she was in GMA Network. As a matter of fact,puro pag huhubad lang pinagawa sa kanya ng ABS CBN sa lobo halos super enexpose nila si Angel. Tumaba na nga si Angel dahil di na sya naeexercise dahil walang magawa sa ABS CBN.hahaha Kung sikat mga artista ng ABS CBN ni hindi nga sila naging number 1 sa 100 most beautiful celebrities sa pilipinas. Sa mga hunks ng Dos may napapasama ba sa mga sexiest hunk in the world? wala kahit si piolo di nasama buti pa si Dingdong Dantes pumasok sa E! Channel as one of the sexiest men in the world. Kung patagalan lang ng program na tinatangkilik ng masang filipino wala ng tatalo sa Eat Bulaga halos wala na ngang maisip maitapat ang ABS CBN sa Eat Bulaga kung ano ano ng inisip nilang shows na itapat sa eat bulaga, may MTB kung ano ano hanggang sa naging Wowowee. Lets all admit na we all grew up watching eat Bulaga kahit ng mga bata pa tayo. Morning Shows din halos wala ng matapat ang ABS CBN sa “Sis”, nagkaroon ng Good Morning Kris nasibak tapos naging Kris and Korina (halos di naman nagsasalita si Korina) sinibak na naman naging “boy and Kris” ngayon naman mukhang di rin magtatagal ang ruffa and Ai. Dihamak din na talong talo ng Unang Hirit ang Umagang kay ganda. Dami ring sinibak ng ABS para may pantapat sa Umagang kay Ganda. Kung pagandahan lang ng Newscaster pag uusapan dihamak mang mas maganda si Vicki Morales kay Korina Sanchez na mukang palaka.At i dont think na may newscaster silang mas maganda kay Rhea Santos. One last thing kung pahabaan lang din ng Showbiz Balita news wala ng mas hahaba sa Startalk since bata pa tayo Startalk na yan. Mga tagapagbalita ng ABS CBN nasisibak dahil sa bastos ng bunganga tulad ni Christy Fermin. Bubble Gang din wala na silang matapat. Yung mga Baduy na Kapamilya kung iisa isahin ko lang mga shows na di matalo ng ABS CBN kulang ang buong isang buwan para isa isahin lahat. Yung Dyosa pa nga pala parang dinikit lang yung mga tao sa backround. haha hindi man lang maipagmalaki ang effects.hahaha Ang ABS CBN pang mga walang pambayad lang ng cable pinagtitiyagaan na lang.hahahaha GO KAPUSO GO
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mas bopol ka john kc malaking percentage nga lang ng manila sa gma hndi kasama ang luzon. hindi nman ako maniniwala sayo na kung pagsasamahin ang boto from other luzon areas, visayas at mindanao ay matatalo ang presidente kung hindi siya panalo sa manila…bopols..and other than that hindi nman 75% ang gma in mnl lets say 55% gma and 45% sa dos..alam mo hindi bobo ang mga tao lalo na ang abs-cbn…
ang eat bulaga hindi gawa ng gma mas matindi ang ginawa ng gma k marian sobrang laplapan niya k dingdong at halos luwa na ang boobs sa darna.. kumpara sa mga sinasabi nyong shows other than that wala nb kayo masabi..kung me natitigbak sa dos mas marami din sa gma..anong pinagmamalaki nyong effects dyos ko day hindi tlaga me bilib sa fantaserye kpag pinas ang me gawa khit pa sa dos…
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to john…
san mo naman nakuha ang mga figures na yan???? sino nagsabi sau na luzon 50%, visayas 25%, mindanao 33.33%??? Kelangan mo pa mag imbento ng figures para lang makarating sa walang kwentang conclusion…kapuso ka talaga!!! kung hindi magiimbento, eh manunuhol ng 500 at groceries…
to stacey…
kung mukhang palaka c korina, ano na lang ang tawag sa mukha ni MIKE ENRIQUEZ, ARNOLD CLAVIO AT SUSAN??????? Maganda ba s rhea santos at vicky morales. ok maganda na, pero mas maganda din c bernadette sembrano.
ang lobo “feather on the cap” para kay angel kc naging tunay na actress cya. yung ginawa nya sa GMA wala cyang ginawwa kundi TUMAMBLING, LUMIPAD, MAGMAGIC AT UMAKYAT!!! PInagkakitaan lang yun ganda nya. Pano ka magging versatile kun ganun lang gagawin mo??? Buti n lang lumipat cya!!!
Ang GMA maraming “longest running” shows. kaso wala naman kwentang panoorin!!!! BUBBLE LANG MAGANDA!!!!! NANONOOD TALAGA AKO NUN!!!
Ang AIM ng ABS magkaroon ng variety kaya nagpapalit cla. Sino naman nagsabi sau na mataas ang rating ng SIS at UNANG HIRIT?? ayaw lang nila magpalit kc kulang cla sa idea. NIreretain nga nila yun show, eh todo gaya naman sa segments ng katapat na show!!!! Ang labas eh dati nga yun shows, dati yung hosts pero bagong bihis kunwari with matching gaya ng sa kabila. Hay naku…Sa ABS walng SAWA factor… Kung gumaya walng pakundangan pati title —>>> ASAP — SOP…. Marina — Marinara. Ano ba yan????
sA abs tsugi agad pag bastos magsalita tulad ni CRISTY FERMIN. Sa GMA, kahit UBOD NG BASTOS AT UBOD NG SINUNGALING tulad no LOLIT SOLIS, kinukunsinti nila!!!! Puro libel suits.. Pati exec i.e. wilma galvante maraming libel case…. hhmmm.. nasan ang professionalism??
Regarding sa pahabaan ng lista ng mga baduy at natsugi na shows, aba jan lang mananalo ang GMA!!!!!!!
FYI: SA MANILA pag free TV #1 ang GMA — yun ang audience nila yn wala pang cable. Pero pag CABLE, ABS CBN yan.. ALAM NI MIKE ENRIQUEZ YAN!!!! BAKA IKAW LANG HNDI NAKAKALAM.
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korny ever yung DARNA! so EPIC…. BATO? NAGBIBIGAY NG POWERS? JOKER!!!!
EWWW….SI Marian na naman?????? ANO BA YAN!!!! WALA NG IBANG MAKITA??? SUSMARYOSEP OO!!!!
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korek!! nag-imbento ng figures kung 22o yang sinasabi mo sana napangalandakan na yan ng mga kanguso sa mga programs nila para matameme ang dos…ang pagpapatunay lang po na mas malakas ang abs buong bansa mananalo ba nmang bise presidente c kabayang noli at senadora loren legarda…ay nakaw kadami pong natigbak na palabas ang gma7 eh kulang po isang pahina kung aking susumahin eh..
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baliw na talaga ang mga kapamilya..
bat d nyo na lang aminin kc na talo na kayo.
d nyo lang maamin kc mahirap tanggapin..LOL
to joy… kahit pagsamahin mo pa ang mga viewers nag vis at min ay talo pa rin kayo.. itanong mo yan kay bro alam nya.
kita mo nagpapanik na ang mga kapamz jan dahil d sila makapaniwala na GMA na ang naghahari!!
Pwera na lang kung magDADARNA si piolo pascual ayon tataas ang rating nyan cgurado! nyahahahahahahahahaha
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john….
d ka pa nakuntento gumawa ng figures, dinamay mo pa c bro…
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Pang world class pa ang GMA!! Quality pa!
D 2lad ng kapamz ng nangongopya!!
Halos lahat yata ng show nila kinopya sa GMA..
At pati na rin si Kopya Queen na si karen davila d patigil!
ayan 2loy nabuking na sya!!nyahahahahahah
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Nick Reply:
October 26th, 2009 at 3:16 pm
A lot of people here claims they know how Philippine Television started. Magresearch kayo nang maigi para mahimasmasan yang mga utak nyo! Pero kung tinatamad kayo or wala kayong pera kasi nasa internet booth lang kayo ehako nang gagawa ng research para sa inyo. What I found is from a reliable source.
The Birth of Philippine Television
Experimentation
October 23, 1953 marked the first official telecast in the Philippines. But even before that date, academic experiments with the novel electronic medium had been conducted by Jose O. Nicolas, an engineering student of the University of Santo Tomas in 1950; and two years later, by the FEATI Institute of Technology.
First TV Station
Even before these academic experiments were conducted, James Lindenberg, an American engineer and the future “father of Philippine television,” already saw the potential of television in the country. Armed with surplus equipment and imported spare parts, Lindenberg began assembling transmitters and established the Bolinao Electronics Corporation or BEC on June 13, 1946. It was named after the hometown of his wife, Bolinao, Pangasinan.
In 1949, Lindenberg was the first to apply for a license in Congress to establish a television station. A year later, on June 14, 1950, his request was granted.
“We were told to go ahead,” he said. “It was much more simple in those days than it is now. Mr. Canon, who was head of the Radio Control Division, told us to go ahead.”
The scarcity of raw materials and strict import controls imposed in 1948 however, compelled Lindenberg to branch into radio broadcasting instead.
He said, “The import control people and the Central Bank were quite adamantly opposed to it on the grounds that the dollars spent on television would be better spent on other items.”
The efforts of James Lindenberg did not go to waste after all. His dream gradually became a reality when Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of President Elpidio Quirino entered the picture. Judge Quirino had been trying to get a license from Congress to set up television stations but he was unable to get one for political reasons.
The Congress probably thought that he would use such stations for campaigning for his brother who was then running for a second term in the presidential election of 1953. Denied by the Congress, the only alternative left for Quirino was to buy stocks from an existing corporation; that is, BEC.
In 1952, he bought seventy percent of BEC, gaining the controlling stock, and thus, acquiring the franchise indirectly. He changed the corporate name from BEC to ABS or Alto Broadcasting System after the names of its new owners, Aleli and Judge Antonio Quirino. James Lindenberg was still part owner, however and he served as the general manager of the station.
Birthing Pains
After closing deal, however, things did not progress smoothly. Like Lindenberg, Judge Quirino also faced numerous obstacles.
“The Central Bank did not grant me dollar credit because they said the venture was too risky,” he recalled.
Other people said the same thing and added that it would take at least three months just to make an atmospheric survey before one could even start installing the station. “Obviously,” Judge Quirino thought, “it was a tactic to delay the installation of the station so that my brother could not use it during the election campaign.” (KBP, 152)
Judge Quirino asked the help of his friend Marvin Gray whose family is a friend of General Sarnoff, the president of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Through Gray, Quirino was able to appeal the cause of ABS and get assistance from RCA.
First Broadcast
In 1953, Quirino introduced the first television station in the Philippines when he opened DZAQ (for the initials of Judge Antonio Quirino). DZAQ-TV Channel 3 began telecasting on October 23 of the same year but before that, television sets had to be imported and people had to be trained.
With the help of the Radio Corporation of America, four men underwent technical training in the United States:
* Arcadio “Cady” Carandang, who was in-charge of setting up a TV service company;
* Romualdo “Romy” Carballo, who oversaw the transmission aspect;
* Harry “Slim” Chaney, who acted as a spark plug for the whole operation, and
* Jose “Joe” Navarro, who learned filming techniques in television.
The month prior to the first telecast was a very busy one for the young broadcasting station. Efforts were pooled to overcome what Lindenberg called a “chicken or egg” dilemma. There was no time to wait for a TV set industry to develop if the station was to operate on a commercial basis right away. Thus, setting up the station and bringing in the receiving sets were done almost at the same time. (KBP, 153)
Judge Quirino initiated the importation of television sets but he did not have the money to buy the desired 120 sets. To solve this problem, he approached the owner of Joe’s Electric and proposed to him that in return for the P60,000 loan, he will be the first to have the right to sell television sets.
“With the telecast date approaching, Judge Quirino distributed the 120 television sets to prominent men, hotels, restaurants, [hospitals,] advertising agencies, and public plazas in order to reach as many viewers as possible.” (KBP, 153) He practically gave them away so that people could watch his political broadcasts.
Finally, by October 23, 1953, everything was ready, and the first telecast went on the air. The event was a garden party at the Quirino residence.
Carandang recalls, “A coaxial cable was extended from the transmitter site just across Sitio Alto and the switchers and camera controls were set up on a table.”
“Not to be missed by the camera was the President of the Philippines, whose presence on television that night convinced many that the establishment of TV was purely for political purposes.” (KBP, 153)
“Politics did eventually emerge as TV’s own godfather, as DZAQ was inevitably used as an information medium for the reelection bid of President Quirino.” (Pinoy, 65)
Despite the efforts of Judge Quirino in helping his sickly brother, Elpidio Quirino lost his reelection bid. The television station built by BEC and later used by ABS was equipped with nothing more than the basic necessities for operation. The studio was just a makeshift barn along Florentino Torres Street in Manila. With the transmitter acquired from RCA, the telecasts were received clearly not only in Manila but also in the neighboring provinces probably because there was not much interference for there was no other channel but DZAQ-TV3.
Aside from the transmitter, there were three cameras but one of these arrived “out of order” from RCA. Except for the engineers who were sent to the United States for training, most of the personnel of ABS learned television operation on the job. The lack of competent personnel required versatility from those who chose to work in television.
The Early Days
DZAQ-TV3 started out on a four-hour a day schedule, from six to ten in the evening. Although ABS was able to round up fifty-two advertisers for the premier telecast, selling spots for regular programming became difficult. This was because advertisers still felt that it was more cost efficient to buy radio ad spots, since radio reaches more homes than television did at that time.
At that time, television sets were expensive and television reception depended on electrical power that was not always available. “The high prices of sets were due partly to government taxation. Whereas radios and phonographs were taxed 7 per cent at the plants, television sets were taxed as high as 30 per cent.” (P-Lent, 96)
The cost of television sets was a major drawback for the newborn industry. “In the late 1950s, a TV set sold for around $600 or P1,200, a princely sum and the equivalent of a few month’s salary when the minimum wage was P4 a day and the exchange rate P2:$1. It cost less to buy an automobile.” (Pinoy, 65)
Programming
The programs being telecast at that time were mostly borrowed films from the foreign embassies, imported old cowboy movies, and actual coverage of a variety of events. These ran out so fast so stage plays from theater were transported to television. This paved the way for Father James Reuter, a Jesuit who was not only active in the academe as a drama coach but also had radio and television training in the United States. He produced the first play on television in 1953, less than a month after the first telecast. It was “Cyrano de Bergerac,” a full-length play that was three hours long.
Father Reuter recalls: “Nobody paid anybody. We didn’t pay them and they didn’t pay us…. I had enough entry into the schools so that all my talents were students.”
Father Reuter produced literary classics on television, which gave birth to a generation of performers known as “Reuter babies.”
Since everything was done live in the early days of studio production, performers were under tremendous pressure. The studio was a hothouse of bloopers and accidents waiting to happen; cameras entangled in wires were unable to track, and viewers’ imaginations were unnecessarily taxed as actors who had been previously murdered would forget they were on camera, get up, and stroll out of a scene. (Pinoy, 74)
In the beginning, locally produced shows were at a premium because of high production costs. American syndicates took advantage of the situation and sold mediocre serials to Philippine networks for as much as $125-$150 a show. On the other hand, “[a] locally produced, half-hour program cost $500 in 1959 — a huge sum of money for any advertiser.” (P-Lent, 97)
To entice advertisers, “simulcasts” — or simultaneous airing of a program over the radio and the television station — were offered as a promotional gimmick. Many popular radio shows like “Tawag ng Tanghalan”; Kuwentong Kutsero” and “Student Canteen” started their life on TV this way. Their popularity grew as TV shows later on because their listeners had the added pleasure of seeing their favorite personalities in their own living rooms. (KBP, 155)
Forward Steps
Finally, the problem of prohibitive television set cost was solved with the establishment of such local outfits as Radiowealth, Carlsound and Rehco. These set up assembly plants which cut the prices of television sets by as much as one-half or two-thirds.
In 1955, Radiowealth, Inc. began manufacturing television sets. Radiowealth founder, Domingo M. Guevarra, made television sets available to as many families as possible. He began by distributing television sets on the market when he got exclusive distributorship for Motorola radio and television sets in 1946. Soon, he imported TV parts, assembled them in the Philippines and sold the branded product as Radiowealth-Motorola. He even sent his eldest son, Petronilo, abroad to study the manufacture of electronic components.
A New Lifestyle
Ownership of a television set became a status symbol. In those days, it was a spectacle to have a TV set delivered to one’s home. As the entire neighborhood watched, it took at least three men to carry the huge cabinet with the heavy tube that would bring magic into the household. Newly recovered from the trauma of World War II, the Filipino consumers were eager to treat themselves to something new and exciting. (Pinoy, 66)
The number of TV receivers per 1,000 Filipinos jumped from 3.5 in 1953 to 38 in 1960. In 1962, the television set was the most sellable appliance in urban areas, with the electric iron a far second…. By 1969, Radiowealth was making color tubes; by 1971, the Philippines, through Radiowealth, had become the third country in the world to manufacture color TV sets. (Pinoy, 79)
Television was called the new obsession of Filipinos and was blamed for making Filipinos lose much needed sleep and for putting them shamefully behind their electric bills. “It was also accused of breeding envy and discontent since most people could not afford a set.” (B-Lent, 178) It was blamed for everything, from the deterioration of family conversations to epileptic seizures in children.
In July 1967, the hysteria peaked. The United States Public Health Service reported that some 90,000 TV sets sold between September 1, 1966 and May 27, 1967 were actually leaking radiation and thus might pose a national health hazard. The appliances, identified as 18-, 20-, 22-, and 23-inch color sets with tube serial numbers 6EF4 and 6LO6, had been manufactured by the General Electric (GE) Company. (Pinoy, 86)
There was no doubt that television had changed the lifestyle of Filipinos. In its early days, televiewing was a community affair. “Entire barrios gathered around the set, enshrined in the home of some lucky native who benevolently kept doors and windows open.” (Pinoy, 86)
Filipinos had become so attached to their television sets that the only time one could expect reactions from televiewers was during commercials. Television now competes with the school, the home, and the church in influencing the Filipino people.
Developments
In 1958, two developments indicated that television could survive in spite of its problems. First of all, the high taxes previously imposed on canned television shows were removed. This made U.S. shows less expensive than live shows. Second, another network was set up in April of that year. This was the Chronicle Broadcasting Network, established as a radio medium in 1956 by businessmen Eugenio and Fernando Lopez. (P-Lent, 96)
In the same year, the Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN), owned by Lopez brothers, Eugenio Sr. and Fernando, bought ABS from Judge Antonio Quirino. Quirino was caught by surprise by the Lopezes’ interest. The price paid was reportedly many times more than what Quirino thought the channel was worth — and more than what he thought the station would ever earn. (Pinoy, 66)
Eugenio “Eñing” Lopez Sr. called Judge Quirino to his house for breakfast and ABS was bought under a contract written on a table napkin. The Lopes brothers merged these two companies under the name Bolinao Electronics Corporation, the former name of ABS. Meanwhile, Eugenio “Geny” Lopez Jr., the eldest son of Lopez Sr. had hands-on-education under two pioneers who were running ABS for Quirino: Slim Chaney and James Lindenberg.
With the establishment of DZXL-TV Channel 9 on April 19, 1958, the Lopez brothers controlled both television channels in the archipelago.
In those days, there was not that much money in TV, and not a lot of equipment which the company could initially afford. “Slim would tie together a transmitter with bamboo strips and rags,” recalled Lopez Jr. “It worked, and you didn’t argue.” (Pinoy, 54)
As ABS continued operating, Philippine television started to improve. “Evidence that the television audience was growing were the groups of people who crowded around the appliance shops whenever the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball games were aired.” (KPB, 155)
New Stations
Rapidly, other television stations jumped in. By the early 60s, these new [VHF] television stations opened:
* DZBB-TV Channel 7, established on October 29, 1961 by the Republic Broadcasting System (RBS), owned by Robert “Uncle Bob” Stewart;
* DZTM-TV Channel 5, established in 1962 by the Associated Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), owned by the Roces family, the publisher of The Manila Times;
* DZTV Channel 13 in 1977, run by Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation (IBC), owned by Andres Soriano; and
* DZRH-TV Channel 11 of Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC), owned by Manuel Elizalde.
* Even the government-owned Philippine Broadcast Service launched its television station, Channel 10 in 1961. It was financed by government subsidy but had a short life because of channel frequency allocation.
When the other channels were established, competition became intense. The early stations cornered the American television film market. DZAQ-TV Channel 3 received National Broadcasting Company; DZBB-TV Channel 7 obtained American Broadcasting Company; and DZTV Channel 13, Columbia Broadcasting System.
In a struggle to get the best shows from abroad, these channels became victims of the American networks. Philippine channels were asked to pay $125-$150 for each half-hour U.S. show, and were allowed to show them once. (P-Lent, 97)
Economics of Television
If politics jumpstarted the Philippine television, soap kept the medium running. Procter and Gamble, the American manufacturing company that produced Ivory soap and Tide laundry detergent, nurtured broadcasting by introducing a revolutionary genre frothing with melodrama: the appropriately-named soap opera. (Pinoy, 66)
Sponsorship on television, at first, came only in the form of block timing, with companies buying chunks of time slots from the networks. Depending on their budget and their target audience, they dictated what time slot they wanted to bring in. Thus, programming and production were largely in the hands of advertisers; networks were merely the custodians of airtime. (Pinoy, 71)
Robert “Uncle Bob” Stewart was the first to sell “coop spots.” Sponsors or small businessmen could now buy portions of a program in the form of 60-second commercials. “He approached companies without the resources to buy block time and sponsor entire shows and offered them smaller, more affordable packages within programs. Thus he pioneered the concept of segment and portion buys that are so popular today.” (Pinoy, 57) “In the ultimate promotion, Stewart even threw himself in as a commercial talent for free, and his live endorsements became gems of spontaneous entertainment in themselves.” (Pinoy, 71)
Bob Stewart, the man behind RBS Channel 7 had a special place in the hearts of a generation of kids. “For children growing up in the ‘50s and ‘60s, Uncle Bob’s Lucky Seven Club was the club to join in.” (Pinoy, 57)
In the beginning, the people who were creating Philippine TV had to make do with very little — minuscule budgets, tiny studios, weak signals, and complicated cameras which technicians couldn’t even begin to operate. After all, the first TV production crews had been transplanted from radio. (Pinoy, 74)
“Mistakes were definitely the order of the day,” recalls Stewart. “We had two cameras, both of them second-hand. And since we had almost no experience in TV, we often had no idea which one was on the air!” The only way to learn television then was by trial and error. In fact, the best cameraman in ABS started out as the driver of Eugenio “Geny” Lopez Jr.
Lack of finances was largely responsible for the poor quality of live television. There was not enough money to pay talent fees, to buy equipment and to train studio personnel. Another reason why live shows matured slowly was the prevalence of unqualified producers.
In 1960, the Philippine Association of National Advertisers acknowledged television as one of the most effective and potent media for advertising. In fact, it was only in the 60s that television commercials came into use. The first television advertising contract in the country was signed for Tawag ng Tanghalan, handled by J. Walter Thompson for Procter and Gamble.
As the television industry matured, lines were more firmly drawn between advertisers and network owners. Programmers now had to prove to advertisers that the station-produced programs were being watched. Thus was the ratings game born. (Pinoy, 74)
More Innovations
In 1961, instructional TV was first attempted by the National Science Development Board through a weekly course in physics, Continental Classroom. In the same year, Fr. James Reuter produced his three-times-a-week show, Education on TV over Channel 9. It featured Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J., lecturing on history and Fernando Zobel, discussing art.
Interest generated by public organizations, business firms, and educational institutions developed the National Science Development Board’s televised college course, “Physics in the Atomic Age,” in 1961.
Three years later, on July 1964, the Ateneo Center for Educational Television (ETV) began operation. It was a closed-circuit television project for elementary and high school students of six receiving schools including Ateneo de Manila University and Maryknoll College (now called Miriam College). The now defunct Center for ETV had its own studio and first-rate equipment. It was so advanced that even commercial stations like ABS-CBN occasionally borrowed cameras.
Changes, firsts, and favorites
On February 1, 1967, the corporate name of BEC was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. This was the formal merger of ABS and CBN. Also, during this year, Radiowealth pioneered in the production of 19-, 21- and 25-inch models of color TV sets, which cost about two thousand five hundred pesos. Television was well on its way to becoming a mass communication tool. Moreover, it was favored by advertisers like Procter and Gamble, Philippine Refining Company, Colgate-Palmolive, Del Rosario Brothers and Caltex Philippines.
In 1969, Filipinos got to watch live the television coverage of the Apollo 11 historic landing. It was the first telecast via satellite in the country and the first in color. “Telecasts from the moon relayed back to earth were captured on Philippine TV sets by the satellite network. Three networks tied up for the project: Channels 5, 7, and 13.” (P-Lent, 106)
It was also in 1969 when Radio Philippines Network branched out into television with Channel 9 in Manila. It was RPN-9 who introduced the longest running and consistently rating sitcom, John en Marsha, which introduced the First Family of Philippine television, the Puruntongs. It was created by Ading Fernando and it starred Dolphy and Nida Blanca. John en Marsha is nationally recognized as one of the greatest Filipino sitcoms of all time. It had millions of loyal fans.
Among the top rated programs in 1966 were: The Nida-Nestor Show, Buhay Artista, and Pancho Loves Tita. Another local show that has had a prevailing top rating is Tawag ng Tanghalan, the amateur singing contest hosted by Lopito and Patsy. During the early years of television, it was a medium for the actor and the performer.
“By the late 60s, Filipinos were craving for steady doses of reality in the form of news and public affairs programs.” (Pinoy, 92) The news pioneers were The Big News on ABC Channel 5 and The World Tonight on ABS-CBN Channel 2. Jose Mari Velez of The Big News brought news broadcasting to new heights.
The Martial Law Years
The Marcos administration was continually attacked in news programs but the late dictator did not take it sitting down. He realized that only absolute control of this medium would stop it.
On September 21, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law. It was probably the worst time for Philippine television and the scariest moment on TV. Media were cited as a prime enemy of the administration and the target of Marcos forces.
The first letter of instruction issued by Marcos ordered the take over of all media firms to prevent “communist” propaganda. Troops entered radio and television stations, sealed them, and placed under military control. All media outlets that were critical of the Marcos regime were shut down.
“Within a few hours, the government had wiped out the entire news media of the Philippines, except for [those that are pro-Marcos].” (B-Lent, 179)
GTV Channel 4, the government channel, was taken over by the Office of Press Secretary Francisco Tatad and the National Media Production Center of Gregorio Cendaña.
Shutdown and takeovers
The Filipinos’ first experience of television under martial law began with a blank screen, punctuated only by appearances of President Marcos and Press Secretary Francisco Tatad reading edict after edict. It was a portent of much more chilling realities to come. (Pinoy, 93)
Of the seven Manila-based stations existing in 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos closed all but three; channels 9 and 13 were eventually controlled by [then Ambassador] Roberto Benedicto, and Bob Stewart’s Channel 7 was later allowed to operate with limited three-month permits. (Pinoy, 95)
ABS-CBN was seized from the Lopez family, and Eugenio Lopez Jr., then president of ABS-CBN, was imprisoned.
By the latter part of 1973, Channel 7 was in the red and was forced to sell 70% of the business to a group of investors, who changed the name from RBS to Greater Manila Area (GMA) Radio Television Arts.
Stewart was forced to cede majority control to Gilberto Duavit, a Malacañang official, and RBS reopened under new ownership, with a new format as GMA-7.
When the smoke cleared, the viewer had channels 2, 9, 13, run by Benedicto; Duavit’s 7; and 4, which belonged to the Ministry of Information. (Pinoy, 97)
When DZXL-TV Channel 9 of CBN was sold to Roberto Benedicto, he changed the name from CBN to KBS, Kanlaon Broadcasting System. So when a fire destroyed the KBS television studios in Pasay, Benedicto’s people took over the ABS-CBN studios in Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. His employees moved in; and by August 1973, KBS was broadcasting on all ABS-CBN channels. A year later, Salvador “Buddy” Tan, general manager of KBS, reopened Channel 2 as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).
The two Benedicto stations: KBS Channel 9 and BBC Channel 2 aired government propaganda. In 1980, Channels 2, 9 and 13 moved to the newly-built Broadcast City in Diliman, Quezon City. According to Buddy Tan, the move was based on economy of scale. These stations shared everything from security guards to water to studios.
In 1980, Gregorio Cendaña was named Minister of Information. GTV Channel 4 became known as Maharlika Broadcasting System.
Initially, everything that was to be aired on radio and TV had to be reviewed by the Department of Public Information, which set up the rules and regulations. Through other government agencies, policies on ownership, allocation of frequencies, station distribution, and program standards were promulgated. It allowed self-regulation when broadcast owners formed the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas in 1973 and when a presidential decree created the Broadcast Media Council in 1974. (National, 30)
Before martial law, broadcasting in the Philippines was probably the freest from government control in the world. “Freedom of expression was virtually unrestricted, to the extent that no politician or public figure could hope to escape permanently from mass-media revelations.” (B-Lent, 179)
On paper, monopolies were banned. In practice, however, Marcos allowed them to exist for friends and relatives. Broadcast media was so vulnerable to government dictation and control since its existence depended upon the government’s granting them the Certificates of Public Convenience.
The continued existence of the broadcast companies were put to doubt and this made them high-risk borrowers of banks. Thus, managers were unable to upgrade and update their steadily depreciating equipment. Only the more profitable and perhaps those with more access to the powers-that-be were able to import spare parts and state-of-the-art technology. (National, 30)
All is Well?
One TV spectacular after another proclaimed that all was well in the Philippines — the 1974 Miss Universe Pageant, the 1975 Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier heavy-weight fight, the 1981 visit of Pope John Paul II. (Pinoy, 109)
When Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983, it was a small item on television news. During his historic funeral procession, GMA Channel 7 gave ten seconds of airtime for this event. With the assassination of Aquino, the iron grip that the Marcos administration had on television began to slip.
In 1984, Imee Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, attempted to takeover GMA Channel 7, just as she did with the Benedictos. However, she was foiled by GMA executives, Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon. Stewart left the Philippines for good as he was utterly disappointed with the Marcos move.
Free Again
On February 24, 1986, MBS Channel 4 went off the air during a live news conference in Malacañang and during an exchange between Marcos and then Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver. The network was eventually taken over by rebel forces and started broadcasting for the Filipino people.
When the time came, it was television that first broke the news to the Filipino nation: It was all over. Freedom was back.
Jake Almeda Lopez, former general manager of ABS-CBN, took over the station and cajoled the MBS engineers to put it back on the air.
Director Johnny Manahan assembled a panel composed of June Keithley, Orly Punzalan, Noel Trinidad, and Subas Herrero, and one by one, political figures trooped to the station to say a few words on cam…. The news took a circuitous route, but it arrived. For visual support, director Mitos Villareal hired a helicopter and took shots of the million-strong crowd at Edsa. (Pinoy, 120)
The military revolt backed by civilians ended the twenty-year reign of dictatorship. It led to the restoration of the democratic institutions in the country, including the television stations that were seized when Martial Law was declared. Truly, “some of the most dramatic events that surrounded Edsa Revolution happened in and around TV studios…” (Pinoy, 123)
After the Edsa Revolution, Eugenio Lopez Jr. returned from exile in the United States.
Comeback stories
On September 14, 1986, amid difficulties with the Presidential Commission on Good Government, which initially refused to return the franchise of Channel 2 to its original owners, and problems of mortgaged equipment, ABS-CBN Channel 2 made a comeback and resumed broadcasting, after fourteen years of forced leave.
In 1988, PTV Channel 4, then MBS, was launched as “The People’s Station.” Today, it is now known as the NBN.
The Edsa Revolution paved the way for the reopening of ABC. On February 21, 1992, ABC Channel 5 reopened with a new multi-million-peso studio complex in Novaliches.
After the historic EDSA revolution, IBC-13 became one of the media houses that were sequestered by the government. Executive Order No. 11 was signed by former President Corazon Aquino and created the Board of Administration that governed the affairs of the Channel. To this date, there had been seven Board of Administrators that changed hands, until the Supreme Court finally ruled on the compromise agreement between the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) and Mr. Roberto S. Benedicto, the latter ceding Broadcast City which houses IBC-13 and RPN-9 to the government. Today, IBC-13 operates like all other private corporations with a board of directors of its own. (KBP, 165)
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And to add: G
[Reply]
Nick Reply:
October 26th, 2009 at 3:18 pm
A lot of people here claims they know how Philippine Television started. Magresearch kayo nang maigi para mahimasmasan yang mga utak nyo! Pero kung tinatamad kayo or wala kayong pera kasi nasa internet booth lang kayo eh ako nang gagawa ng research para sa inyo. What I found is from a reliable source.
The Birth of Philippine Television
Experimentation
October 23, 1953 marked the first official telecast in the Philippines. But even before that date, academic experiments with the novel electronic medium had been conducted by Jose O. Nicolas, an engineering student of the University of Santo Tomas in 1950; and two years later, by the FEATI Institute of Technology.
First TV Station
Even before these academic experiments were conducted, James Lindenberg, an American engineer and the future “father of Philippine television,” already saw the potential of television in the country. Armed with surplus equipment and imported spare parts, Lindenberg began assembling transmitters and established the Bolinao Electronics Corporation or BEC on June 13, 1946. It was named after the hometown of his wife, Bolinao, Pangasinan.
In 1949, Lindenberg was the first to apply for a license in Congress to establish a television station. A year later, on June 14, 1950, his request was granted.
“We were told to go ahead,” he said. “It was much more simple in those days than it is now. Mr. Canon, who was head of the Radio Control Division, told us to go ahead.”
The scarcity of raw materials and strict import controls imposed in 1948 however, compelled Lindenberg to branch into radio broadcasting instead.
He said, “The import control people and the Central Bank were quite adamantly opposed to it on the grounds that the dollars spent on television would be better spent on other items.”
The efforts of James Lindenberg did not go to waste after all. His dream gradually became a reality when Judge Antonio Quirino, brother of President Elpidio Quirino entered the picture. Judge Quirino had been trying to get a license from Congress to set up television stations but he was unable to get one for political reasons.
The Congress probably thought that he would use such stations for campaigning for his brother who was then running for a second term in the presidential election of 1953. Denied by the Congress, the only alternative left for Quirino was to buy stocks from an existing corporation; that is, BEC.
In 1952, he bought seventy percent of BEC, gaining the controlling stock, and thus, acquiring the franchise indirectly. He changed the corporate name from BEC to ABS or Alto Broadcasting System after the names of its new owners, Aleli and Judge Antonio Quirino. James Lindenberg was still part owner, however and he served as the general manager of the station.
Birthing Pains
After closing deal, however, things did not progress smoothly. Like Lindenberg, Judge Quirino also faced numerous obstacles.
“The Central Bank did not grant me dollar credit because they said the venture was too risky,” he recalled.
Other people said the same thing and added that it would take at least three months just to make an atmospheric survey before one could even start installing the station. “Obviously,” Judge Quirino thought, “it was a tactic to delay the installation of the station so that my brother could not use it during the election campaign.” (KBP, 152)
Judge Quirino asked the help of his friend Marvin Gray whose family is a friend of General Sarnoff, the president of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA). Through Gray, Quirino was able to appeal the cause of ABS and get assistance from RCA.
First Broadcast
In 1953, Quirino introduced the first television station in the Philippines when he opened DZAQ (for the initials of Judge Antonio Quirino). DZAQ-TV Channel 3 began telecasting on October 23 of the same year but before that, television sets had to be imported and people had to be trained.
With the help of the Radio Corporation of America, four men underwent technical training in the United States:
* Arcadio “Cady” Carandang, who was in-charge of setting up a TV service company;
* Romualdo “Romy” Carballo, who oversaw the transmission aspect;
* Harry “Slim” Chaney, who acted as a spark plug for the whole operation, and
* Jose “Joe” Navarro, who learned filming techniques in television.
The month prior to the first telecast was a very busy one for the young broadcasting station. Efforts were pooled to overcome what Lindenberg called a “chicken or egg” dilemma. There was no time to wait for a TV set industry to develop if the station was to operate on a commercial basis right away. Thus, setting up the station and bringing in the receiving sets were done almost at the same time. (KBP, 153)
Judge Quirino initiated the importation of television sets but he did not have the money to buy the desired 120 sets. To solve this problem, he approached the owner of Joe’s Electric and proposed to him that in return for the P60,000 loan, he will be the first to have the right to sell television sets.
“With the telecast date approaching, Judge Quirino distributed the 120 television sets to prominent men, hotels, restaurants, [hospitals,] advertising agencies, and public plazas in order to reach as many viewers as possible.” (KBP, 153) He practically gave them away so that people could watch his political broadcasts.
Finally, by October 23, 1953, everything was ready, and the first telecast went on the air. The event was a garden party at the Quirino residence.
Carandang recalls, “A coaxial cable was extended from the transmitter site just across Sitio Alto and the switchers and camera controls were set up on a table.”
“Not to be missed by the camera was the President of the Philippines, whose presence on television that night convinced many that the establishment of TV was purely for political purposes.” (KBP, 153)
“Politics did eventually emerge as TV’s own godfather, as DZAQ was inevitably used as an information medium for the reelection bid of President Quirino.” (Pinoy, 65)
Despite the efforts of Judge Quirino in helping his sickly brother, Elpidio Quirino lost his reelection bid. The television station built by BEC and later used by ABS was equipped with nothing more than the basic necessities for operation. The studio was just a makeshift barn along Florentino Torres Street in Manila. With the transmitter acquired from RCA, the telecasts were received clearly not only in Manila but also in the neighboring provinces probably because there was not much interference for there was no other channel but DZAQ-TV3.
Aside from the transmitter, there were three cameras but one of these arrived “out of order” from RCA. Except for the engineers who were sent to the United States for training, most of the personnel of ABS learned television operation on the job. The lack of competent personnel required versatility from those who chose to work in television.
The Early Days
DZAQ-TV3 started out on a four-hour a day schedule, from six to ten in the evening. Although ABS was able to round up fifty-two advertisers for the premier telecast, selling spots for regular programming became difficult. This was because advertisers still felt that it was more cost efficient to buy radio ad spots, since radio reaches more homes than television did at that time.
At that time, television sets were expensive and television reception depended on electrical power that was not always available. “The high prices of sets were due partly to government taxation. Whereas radios and phonographs were taxed 7 per cent at the plants, television sets were taxed as high as 30 per cent.” (P-Lent, 96)
The cost of television sets was a major drawback for the newborn industry. “In the late 1950s, a TV set sold for around $600 or P1,200, a princely sum and the equivalent of a few month’s salary when the minimum wage was P4 a day and the exchange rate P2:$1. It cost less to buy an automobile.” (Pinoy, 65)
Programming
The programs being telecast at that time were mostly borrowed films from the foreign embassies, imported old cowboy movies, and actual coverage of a variety of events. These ran out so fast so stage plays from theater were transported to television. This paved the way for Father James Reuter, a Jesuit who was not only active in the academe as a drama coach but also had radio and television training in the United States. He produced the first play on television in 1953, less than a month after the first telecast. It was “Cyrano de Bergerac,” a full-length play that was three hours long.
Father Reuter recalls: “Nobody paid anybody. We didn’t pay them and they didn’t pay us…. I had enough entry into the schools so that all my talents were students.”
Father Reuter produced literary classics on television, which gave birth to a generation of performers known as “Reuter babies.”
Since everything was done live in the early days of studio production, performers were under tremendous pressure. The studio was a hothouse of bloopers and accidents waiting to happen; cameras entangled in wires were unable to track, and viewers’ imaginations were unnecessarily taxed as actors who had been previously murdered would forget they were on camera, get up, and stroll out of a scene. (Pinoy, 74)
In the beginning, locally produced shows were at a premium because of high production costs. American syndicates took advantage of the situation and sold mediocre serials to Philippine networks for as much as $125-$150 a show. On the other hand, “[a] locally produced, half-hour program cost $500 in 1959 — a huge sum of money for any advertiser.” (P-Lent, 97)
To entice advertisers, “simulcasts” — or simultaneous airing of a program over the radio and the television station — were offered as a promotional gimmick. Many popular radio shows like “Tawag ng Tanghalan”; Kuwentong Kutsero” and “Student Canteen” started their life on TV this way. Their popularity grew as TV shows later on because their listeners had the added pleasure of seeing their favorite personalities in their own living rooms. (KBP, 155)
Forward Steps
Finally, the problem of prohibitive television set cost was solved with the establishment of such local outfits as Radiowealth, Carlsound and Rehco. These set up assembly plants which cut the prices of television sets by as much as one-half or two-thirds.
In 1955, Radiowealth, Inc. began manufacturing television sets. Radiowealth founder, Domingo M. Guevarra, made television sets available to as many families as possible. He began by distributing television sets on the market when he got exclusive distributorship for Motorola radio and television sets in 1946. Soon, he imported TV parts, assembled them in the Philippines and sold the branded product as Radiowealth-Motorola. He even sent his eldest son, Petronilo, abroad to study the manufacture of electronic components.
A New Lifestyle
Ownership of a television set became a status symbol. In those days, it was a spectacle to have a TV set delivered to one’s home. As the entire neighborhood watched, it took at least three men to carry the huge cabinet with the heavy tube that would bring magic into the household. Newly recovered from the trauma of World War II, the Filipino consumers were eager to treat themselves to something new and exciting. (Pinoy, 66)
The number of TV receivers per 1,000 Filipinos jumped from 3.5 in 1953 to 38 in 1960. In 1962, the television set was the most sellable appliance in urban areas, with the electric iron a far second…. By 1969, Radiowealth was making color tubes; by 1971, the Philippines, through Radiowealth, had become the third country in the world to manufacture color TV sets. (Pinoy, 79)
Television was called the new obsession of Filipinos and was blamed for making Filipinos lose much needed sleep and for putting them shamefully behind their electric bills. “It was also accused of breeding envy and discontent since most people could not afford a set.” (B-Lent, 178) It was blamed for everything, from the deterioration of family conversations to epileptic seizures in children.
In July 1967, the hysteria peaked. The United States Public Health Service reported that some 90,000 TV sets sold between September 1, 1966 and May 27, 1967 were actually leaking radiation and thus might pose a national health hazard. The appliances, identified as 18-, 20-, 22-, and 23-inch color sets with tube serial numbers 6EF4 and 6LO6, had been manufactured by the General Electric (GE) Company. (Pinoy, 86)
There was no doubt that television had changed the lifestyle of Filipinos. In its early days, televiewing was a community affair. “Entire barrios gathered around the set, enshrined in the home of some lucky native who benevolently kept doors and windows open.” (Pinoy, 86)
Filipinos had become so attached to their television sets that the only time one could expect reactions from televiewers was during commercials. Television now competes with the school, the home, and the church in influencing the Filipino people.
Developments
In 1958, two developments indicated that television could survive in spite of its problems. First of all, the high taxes previously imposed on canned television shows were removed. This made U.S. shows less expensive than live shows. Second, another network was set up in April of that year. This was the Chronicle Broadcasting Network, established as a radio medium in 1956 by businessmen Eugenio and Fernando Lopez. (P-Lent, 96)
In the same year, the Chronicle Broadcasting Network (CBN), owned by Lopez brothers, Eugenio Sr. and Fernando, bought ABS from Judge Antonio Quirino. Quirino was caught by surprise by the Lopezes’ interest. The price paid was reportedly many times more than what Quirino thought the channel was worth — and more than what he thought the station would ever earn. (Pinoy, 66)
Eugenio “Eñing” Lopez Sr. called Judge Quirino to his house for breakfast and ABS was bought under a contract written on a table napkin. The Lopes brothers merged these two companies under the name Bolinao Electronics Corporation, the former name of ABS. Meanwhile, Eugenio “Geny” Lopez Jr., the eldest son of Lopez Sr. had hands-on-education under two pioneers who were running ABS for Quirino: Slim Chaney and James Lindenberg.
With the establishment of DZXL-TV Channel 9 on April 19, 1958, the Lopez brothers controlled both television channels in the archipelago.
In those days, there was not that much money in TV, and not a lot of equipment which the company could initially afford. “Slim would tie together a transmitter with bamboo strips and rags,” recalled Lopez Jr. “It worked, and you didn’t argue.” (Pinoy, 54)
As ABS continued operating, Philippine television started to improve. “Evidence that the television audience was growing were the groups of people who crowded around the appliance shops whenever the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball games were aired.” (KPB, 155)
New Stations
Rapidly, other television stations jumped in. By the early 60s, these new [VHF] television stations opened:
* DZBB-TV Channel 7, established on October 29, 1961 by the Republic Broadcasting System (RBS), owned by Robert “Uncle Bob” Stewart;
* DZTM-TV Channel 5, established in 1962 by the Associated Broadcasting Corporation (ABC), owned by the Roces family, the publisher of The Manila Times;
* DZTV Channel 13 in 1977, run by Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation (IBC), owned by Andres Soriano; and
* DZRH-TV Channel 11 of Manila Broadcasting Company (MBC), owned by Manuel Elizalde.
* Even the government-owned Philippine Broadcast Service launched its television station, Channel 10 in 1961. It was financed by government subsidy but had a short life because of channel frequency allocation.
When the other channels were established, competition became intense. The early stations cornered the American television film market. DZAQ-TV Channel 3 received National Broadcasting Company; DZBB-TV Channel 7 obtained American Broadcasting Company; and DZTV Channel 13, Columbia Broadcasting System.
In a struggle to get the best shows from abroad, these channels became victims of the American networks. Philippine channels were asked to pay $125-$150 for each half-hour U.S. show, and were allowed to show them once. (P-Lent, 97)
Economics of Television
If politics jumpstarted the Philippine television, soap kept the medium running. Procter and Gamble, the American manufacturing company that produced Ivory soap and Tide laundry detergent, nurtured broadcasting by introducing a revolutionary genre frothing with melodrama: the appropriately-named soap opera. (Pinoy, 66)
Sponsorship on television, at first, came only in the form of block timing, with companies buying chunks of time slots from the networks. Depending on their budget and their target audience, they dictated what time slot they wanted to bring in. Thus, programming and production were largely in the hands of advertisers; networks were merely the custodians of airtime. (Pinoy, 71)
Robert “Uncle Bob” Stewart was the first to sell “coop spots.” Sponsors or small businessmen could now buy portions of a program in the form of 60-second commercials. “He approached companies without the resources to buy block time and sponsor entire shows and offered them smaller, more affordable packages within programs. Thus he pioneered the concept of segment and portion buys that are so popular today.” (Pinoy, 57) “In the ultimate promotion, Stewart even threw himself in as a commercial talent for free, and his live endorsements became gems of spontaneous entertainment in themselves.” (Pinoy, 71)
Bob Stewart, the man behind RBS Channel 7 had a special place in the hearts of a generation of kids. “For children growing up in the ‘50s and ‘60s, Uncle Bob’s Lucky Seven Club was the club to join in.” (Pinoy, 57)
In the beginning, the people who were creating Philippine TV had to make do with very little — minuscule budgets, tiny studios, weak signals, and complicated cameras which technicians couldn’t even begin to operate. After all, the first TV production crews had been transplanted from radio. (Pinoy, 74)
“Mistakes were definitely the order of the day,” recalls Stewart. “We had two cameras, both of them second-hand. And since we had almost no experience in TV, we often had no idea which one was on the air!” The only way to learn television then was by trial and error. In fact, the best cameraman in ABS started out as the driver of Eugenio “Geny” Lopez Jr.
Lack of finances was largely responsible for the poor quality of live television. There was not enough money to pay talent fees, to buy equipment and to train studio personnel. Another reason why live shows matured slowly was the prevalence of unqualified producers.
In 1960, the Philippine Association of National Advertisers acknowledged television as one of the most effective and potent media for advertising. In fact, it was only in the 60s that television commercials came into use. The first television advertising contract in the country was signed for Tawag ng Tanghalan, handled by J. Walter Thompson for Procter and Gamble.
As the television industry matured, lines were more firmly drawn between advertisers and network owners. Programmers now had to prove to advertisers that the station-produced programs were being watched. Thus was the ratings game born. (Pinoy, 74)
More Innovations
In 1961, instructional TV was first attempted by the National Science Development Board through a weekly course in physics, Continental Classroom. In the same year, Fr. James Reuter produced his three-times-a-week show, Education on TV over Channel 9. It featured Fr. Horacio de la Costa, S.J., lecturing on history and Fernando Zobel, discussing art.
Interest generated by public organizations, business firms, and educational institutions developed the National Science Development Board’s televised college course, “Physics in the Atomic Age,” in 1961.
Three years later, on July 1964, the Ateneo Center for Educational Television (ETV) began operation. It was a closed-circuit television project for elementary and high school students of six receiving schools including Ateneo de Manila University and Maryknoll College (now called Miriam College). The now defunct Center for ETV had its own studio and first-rate equipment. It was so advanced that even commercial stations like ABS-CBN occasionally borrowed cameras.
Changes, firsts, and favorites
On February 1, 1967, the corporate name of BEC was changed to ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. This was the formal merger of ABS and CBN. Also, during this year, Radiowealth pioneered in the production of 19-, 21- and 25-inch models of color TV sets, which cost about two thousand five hundred pesos. Television was well on its way to becoming a mass communication tool. Moreover, it was favored by advertisers like Procter and Gamble, Philippine Refining Company, Colgate-Palmolive, Del Rosario Brothers and Caltex Philippines.
In 1969, Filipinos got to watch live the television coverage of the Apollo 11 historic landing. It was the first telecast via satellite in the country and the first in color. “Telecasts from the moon relayed back to earth were captured on Philippine TV sets by the satellite network. Three networks tied up for the project: Channels 5, 7, and 13.” (P-Lent, 106)
It was also in 1969 when Radio Philippines Network branched out into television with Channel 9 in Manila. It was RPN-9 who introduced the longest running and consistently rating sitcom, John en Marsha, which introduced the First Family of Philippine television, the Puruntongs. It was created by Ading Fernando and it starred Dolphy and Nida Blanca. John en Marsha is nationally recognized as one of the greatest Filipino sitcoms of all time. It had millions of loyal fans.
Among the top rated programs in 1966 were: The Nida-Nestor Show, Buhay Artista, and Pancho Loves Tita. Another local show that has had a prevailing top rating is Tawag ng Tanghalan, the amateur singing contest hosted by Lopito and Patsy. During the early years of television, it was a medium for the actor and the performer.
“By the late 60s, Filipinos were craving for steady doses of reality in the form of news and public affairs programs.” (Pinoy, 92) The news pioneers were The Big News on ABC Channel 5 and The World Tonight on ABS-CBN Channel 2. Jose Mari Velez of The Big News brought news broadcasting to new heights.
The Martial Law Years
The Marcos administration was continually attacked in news programs but the late dictator did not take it sitting down. He realized that only absolute control of this medium would stop it.
On September 21, 1972, Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law. It was probably the worst time for Philippine television and the scariest moment on TV. Media were cited as a prime enemy of the administration and the target of Marcos forces.
The first letter of instruction issued by Marcos ordered the take over of all media firms to prevent “communist” propaganda. Troops entered radio and television stations, sealed them, and placed under military control. All media outlets that were critical of the Marcos regime were shut down.
“Within a few hours, the government had wiped out the entire news media of the Philippines, except for [those that are pro-Marcos].” (B-Lent, 179)
GTV Channel 4, the government channel, was taken over by the Office of Press Secretary Francisco Tatad and the National Media Production Center of Gregorio Cendaña.
Shutdown and takeovers
The Filipinos’ first experience of television under martial law began with a blank screen, punctuated only by appearances of President Marcos and Press Secretary Francisco Tatad reading edict after edict. It was a portent of much more chilling realities to come. (Pinoy, 93)
Of the seven Manila-based stations existing in 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos closed all but three; channels 9 and 13 were eventually controlled by [then Ambassador] Roberto Benedicto, and Bob Stewart’s Channel 7 was later allowed to operate with limited three-month permits. (Pinoy, 95)
ABS-CBN was seized from the Lopez family, and Eugenio Lopez Jr., then president of ABS-CBN, was imprisoned.
By the latter part of 1973, Channel 7 was in the red and was forced to sell 70% of the business to a group of investors, who changed the name from RBS to Greater Manila Area (GMA) Radio Television Arts.
Stewart was forced to cede majority control to Gilberto Duavit, a Malacañang official, and RBS reopened under new ownership, with a new format as GMA-7.
When the smoke cleared, the viewer had channels 2, 9, 13, run by Benedicto; Duavit’s 7; and 4, which belonged to the Ministry of Information. (Pinoy, 97)
When DZXL-TV Channel 9 of CBN was sold to Roberto Benedicto, he changed the name from CBN to KBS, Kanlaon Broadcasting System. So when a fire destroyed the KBS television studios in Pasay, Benedicto’s people took over the ABS-CBN studios in Bohol Avenue, Quezon City. His employees moved in; and by August 1973, KBS was broadcasting on all ABS-CBN channels. A year later, Salvador “Buddy” Tan, general manager of KBS, reopened Channel 2 as the Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation (BBC).
The two Benedicto stations: KBS Channel 9 and BBC Channel 2 aired government propaganda. In 1980, Channels 2, 9 and 13 moved to the newly-built Broadcast City in Diliman, Quezon City. According to Buddy Tan, the move was based on economy of scale. These stations shared everything from security guards to water to studios.
In 1980, Gregorio Cendaña was named Minister of Information. GTV Channel 4 became known as Maharlika Broadcasting System.
Initially, everything that was to be aired on radio and TV had to be reviewed by the Department of Public Information, which set up the rules and regulations. Through other government agencies, policies on ownership, allocation of frequencies, station distribution, and program standards were promulgated. It allowed self-regulation when broadcast owners formed the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa Pilipinas in 1973 and when a presidential decree created the Broadcast Media Council in 1974. (National, 30)
Before martial law, broadcasting in the Philippines was probably the freest from government control in the world. “Freedom of expression was virtually unrestricted, to the extent that no politician or public figure could hope to escape permanently from mass-media revelations.” (B-Lent, 179)
On paper, monopolies were banned. In practice, however, Marcos allowed them to exist for friends and relatives. Broadcast media was so vulnerable to government dictation and control since its existence depended upon the government’s granting them the Certificates of Public Convenience.
The continued existence of the broadcast companies were put to doubt and this made them high-risk borrowers of banks. Thus, managers were unable to upgrade and update their steadily depreciating equipment. Only the more profitable and perhaps those with more access to the powers-that-be were able to import spare parts and state-of-the-art technology. (National, 30)
All is Well?
One TV spectacular after another proclaimed that all was well in the Philippines — the 1974 Miss Universe Pageant, the 1975 Muhammad Ali-Joe Frazier heavy-weight fight, the 1981 visit of Pope John Paul II. (Pinoy, 109)
When Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983, it was a small item on television news. During his historic funeral procession, GMA Channel 7 gave ten seconds of airtime for this event. With the assassination of Aquino, the iron grip that the Marcos administration had on television began to slip.
In 1984, Imee Marcos, daughter of Ferdinand Marcos, attempted to takeover GMA Channel 7, just as she did with the Benedictos. However, she was foiled by GMA executives, Menardo Jimenez and Felipe Gozon. Stewart left the Philippines for good as he was utterly disappointed with the Marcos move.
Free Again
On February 24, 1986, MBS Channel 4 went off the air during a live news conference in Malacañang and during an exchange between Marcos and then Chief of Staff General Fabian Ver. The network was eventually taken over by rebel forces and started broadcasting for the Filipino people.
When the time came, it was television that first broke the news to the Filipino nation: It was all over. Freedom was back.
Jake Almeda Lopez, former general manager of ABS-CBN, took over the station and cajoled the MBS engineers to put it back on the air.
Director Johnny Manahan assembled a panel composed of June Keithley, Orly Punzalan, Noel Trinidad, and Subas Herrero, and one by one, political figures trooped to the station to say a few words on cam…. The news took a circuitous route, but it arrived. For visual support, director Mitos Villareal hired a helicopter and took shots of the million-strong crowd at Edsa. (Pinoy, 120)
The military revolt backed by civilians ended the twenty-year reign of dictatorship. It led to the restoration of the democratic institutions in the country, including the television stations that were seized when Martial Law was declared. Truly, “some of the most dramatic events that surrounded Edsa Revolution happened in and around TV studios…” (Pinoy, 123)
After the Edsa Revolution, Eugenio Lopez Jr. returned from exile in the United States.
Comeback stories
On September 14, 1986, amid difficulties with the Presidential Commission on Good Government, which initially refused to return the franchise of Channel 2 to its original owners, and problems of mortgaged equipment, ABS-CBN Channel 2 made a comeback and resumed broadcasting, after fourteen years of forced leave.
In 1988, PTV Channel 4, then MBS, was launched as “The People’s Station.” Today, it is now known as the NBN.
The Edsa Revolution paved the way for the reopening of ABC. On February 21, 1992, ABC Channel 5 reopened with a new multi-million-peso studio complex in Novaliches.
After the historic EDSA revolution, IBC-13 became one of the media houses that were sequestered by the government. Executive Order No. 11 was signed by former President Corazon Aquino and created the Board of Administration that governed the affairs of the Channel. To this date, there had been seven Board of Administrators that changed hands, until the Supreme Court finally ruled on the compromise agreement between the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG) and Mr. Roberto S. Benedicto, the latter ceding Broadcast City which houses IBC-13 and RPN-9 to the government. Today, IBC-13 operates like all other private corporations with a board of directors of its own. (KBP, 165)
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Quality ba kamo? At world class? Aba marami nyan ang ABS. Dinub pa nga yun Pangako Sa’yo sa maraming languages. Wala akong alam na show ng GMA na pinalabas sa ibang bansa. I wouldn’t know. Kapamilya ako. Baka meron din. Meron ba?
At d na dapat pag usapan ang kopyahan issue. Naggagayahan naman sila pareho. Di ba?
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pang world class kamo!! alin ang kanguso…cno nangongopya kamo!!bwahahahahahaha!!!! john kelan kb pinanganak…sa tag line nalang eh nung nang-imbento ang dos ng kapamilya, gumaya nman ang gma-kapuso..tpos yung station id ng dos tuwing summer/xmas at dati meron pa sa tag-ulan..ginaya ng kanguso..ang mga palabas dun panay remakes..quality my a….sino nag-pauso ng asianovela’s, sino ang nag-pauso ng fantaserye wag nyo sabhin ang kanguso…
lahat yata ng ginagawa ng abs-cbn ginagaya ng gma..bka mmya gayahin na rin ni wilma galvante ang mukha ni charo santos…
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john….
Ang kapal naman ng mukha mo na sabihin na nangongopya ABS. Hindi ba nga kung gumawa ang GMA ultimo title gusto gayahin. Nagkaroon ng SOP dahil may ASAP. At ang pinaka kadiri… may Marinara dahil sa MARINA. Naku pareho pati sirena…D man lang ginawang balyena yun bida. Hahahahahaha!!!!
Haaayyzzzzzzzzzzzz..ano ba yan? bitter always talaga.
Hindi lang mangongopya GMA, umaasa na lang sa remakes. No doubt kc hndi nila kaya magpasikat ng show at character. Kaya ayun c Proserfina parang tinadyakan ng 10 kabayo…tumalsik…nawala sa ere na parang bula. At take note, wla man lang napulot dun yun mga viewers… Very forgettable one from GMA and Marian.
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hahahahaha. ang galing mo ALA EH!!!
Naku baka maubos pera ni Wilma Galvante pag ginaya nya face ni Mam Charo Santos. Overehauling ang gagawin dun. Hahahahahahaha!!!!
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Tanggapin niyo na lang na ang Mega Manila eh sa Kapuso!!! nakakatawa kayo kung magreact mga kapamilya!
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Kapusong GangGreen…
Okay Mega Manila Kapuso na…pero not at all times, d b? Alam mo yan… A week bago magsimula yun Darna, TOP 3 shows galing sa ABS d b? Sabi pa nga d2 — “finally a sweep”… So ibig sbhin neck to neck sa Manila ang laban..
Pero sana naman sa nationwide, pumukpok naman ang GMA. Kasing boring nila yun performance nila nationwide…
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JOHN TWAG KA NI MARSHA MAGSAING KA NA RAW! pag-usapan nlang natin ang palabas na original ha hindi remakes!! kilala mo b c amor powers, c madam claudia eh c dugong, eh yung diary ni gary..c esperanza..c madam butterfly..c edz, c badong, c selina…iilan lang yan sa mga orihinal na produkto ng dos na nakatatak na sa mamayang filipino….noon at ngayon..c santino bagong pangalan..c darna c zorro c dyesebel c rosalinda c marimar ay dati nang me nag-mamay-ari..ngayon sino nang-gagaya!!
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nana ay ganggreen!! tanggapin nyo nlang na ang kapamilya no. 1 nationwide…
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to ala!eh
bopols ka talaga.. nauna ung KAPUSO at ginaya yan ng KAPAMILYA.
d ka kasi nagbabasa ng history. puro ka satsat d mo naman alam kung ano ang pinagdadada mo.
mahirap kc tanggapin lalo na kung talunan! nyahahaha
marami pang ginaya ng ABS-
That’s Entertainment-Ang TV
GMA Supershow-ASAP
Bubble Gang-Super Laffin
Anna Karenina-Tabing Ilog
ginaya rin ang TGIS, Encantadia, Starstuck at marami pang iba…
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to john…
hndi na dapat pinag uusapan ang gayahan issue…dahil same lang sila…
pero e2 din ilang sa mga ginaya nila…
maalaala mo kaya MMK – magpakailanman MKM
A S A P – S O P
Marina – Marinara
Pansin mo pati title gusto na gayahin.. hhhmmpppp…kainis!!!
Eto pa—–
Kambal sa UMa – Kambalelong DAisy Siete
Pera o Bayong – Laban o BAwi
Game k n ba – all star K
Palibhasa Lalake – Lagot Ka isusumbong kita
too many to mention..d lang show, titles pati segments….
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oo nga noh!? ano kasing pinangtapat nila sa Encantadia? hindi ko na maalala yun…
Panday = Super FLOP! Lobo = MEGA FLOP!
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@kapuso bitter always!!! Mas Nauna Laban o Bawi… Huwag kang maghula uy!
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ANG BABAENG MASARAP TADYAKAN – FLOP FOR ALL SEASON
HAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA!!!!!!
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ganggreen hndi po…nauna yung pera o bayong…
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Portion ng MTB noon yun… na click kaya gumawa din sila ng Laban O Bawi…….!!!!
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@john ikaw ang bopols ano na nmang history yang pinagsasabi mo, ang hina mo naman sa spelling…dati ng me mga gag shows panahon pa ng todas at yang mga pinagsasabi mong shows..naturalmente kumpetisyon yan..kung me gayahan man on both sides yun…kung manggaya man dos iba yung concepts hindi kagaya sa kabila copycat tlaga…ay sus cge mag-search kpa..
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Yeah right joy…. pag gumaya ang GMA pati concept at title gayang gaya d b????????!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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Para kay John………
“It is better to fail in originality than to succeed in imitation.”
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kapuso bitter always….
d mo alam ang history ng TV kaya hwag ka nang sumatsat jan!
baliw ka talaga d mo alam pinagsasabi mo..
gawin mo magmakaawa ka sa istasyong mong bulok at gawa sila ng remake na DARNA!
Piolo-as darna
Sam-Valentina
Diether-Impaktita
Chritian-Linta..
isama mo pa sina jed madela, erik santos at kung sino-sino pa..
tyak mag kli-klik ito sa masa!
NYAHAHAHAHAHAHAHHA!!!!
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TO JOY
Cge nga!!! unang ni lunch ang GMA as Kapuso..la pa ung kapamilya dati.. taz biglang nagkaroon ng kapamilya na.
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John, maxado nang personal ang atake mo sa mga talents ng DOS… cguro bading ka noh…nwei thats not the point!!!
ikaw ang madami satsat lalo walang kang alam sa history..at anong history ang pinagsasabi mo. wla ka nang argument kaya iba na pinupuntirya mo. Hhhmmmmm. Halatang bitter and loser!!!!
I will answer for joy…
for your info, nauna naglaunch ABS as KAPAMILYA..tapos as usual gumaya….thus KAPUSO
Alam mo kc i actually both stations kaya nakokomopare ko. Obviously ikaw cguro more than 500 narereceive mo from GMa kaya yun lang pinapanood mo. Thats why lahat ng argumetns mo puro walang kwnta at walng basis.
AYOKO SNA SBHIN NA BOBO KA…PERO TOTOO TALAGA!!!! BOBO KA!!
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hay ang mga ang mga kanguso panay kayabang, @john those stars ur mocking mga sikat kaya kilala mo…kaya binabansagan at pilit sinisiraan para palaosin pero mahirap burahin kasi kilala na…sino sino ba ang mga counterparts nila sa kanguso wla akong kilala..
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andami mo satsat john..ikaw ang baliw….haaaysss puro ka tsamba…
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C JOHN O, KUNG ANO ANO NA SINASABI. LOL
D BA ANG ISSUE LANG DITO KUNG ALIN ANG MAS MAGALING NA SHOW? ANG LAYO NA NG NILALAKBAY MO… HARHARHARHARHAR
SABI NG DITO: “Be nice. Keep it clean. Stay on topic. No spam.”
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Hehehehehe. Nice one there…
Mga kapamilya wag tau gagaya kay JOHN… B-)
Peace!!!
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you’re always bragging darna..its a remake dude..pansinin mo ang mga original na serye ng kanguso especially drama pinupulot sa kangkungan at nilalangaw..hmmm adik sayo, all my life…tayong dalawa at may bukas pa…mga orihinal na pumatok sa tao..marami pa yan..ang abs hindi natatakot mamuhunan ng mga bagong palabas..
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adik sa dos…
tama ka jan…kilala nya mga kapamilya nating sikat… hehehehehe!!!
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Ang daming comments dito ah. puro abs..galing galing. ONLY YOU rules!!!!!
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mga bitter!!! nyahahahaha
ang pikon talo!!
maski baliktarin nyo ang mundo GMA pa rin ang d best..
kayo ang mga bobo kc kahit bata masasagot kung sino talaga ang no 1 ang GMA.. makuntento na lang kasi kayo at # 2 kayo mga kapamilya.
yan na ang trends ngaun..
hindi ang GMA ang kalaban nya kc sobrang layo na ang GMA sa inyo.. ang paghandaan nyo baka maagaw sa inyo ang trono sa pagiging # 2 ang TV5..
nyahahaahahahahaha
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romnick Reply:
February 16th, 2010 at 5:15 pm
bakla 2ng john nah 2!!
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ay john, john ka na nman ang mga tira mo ang totoong pikon ay ikaw..whose mocking, whose being mean…gma ang trends ngayon sabihan mo galingan pa ng gma para naman mapantayan nila ang dos..ay naku kanino kayang mga pelikula ang mga kumikita ngayon, sino kaya ang mga nanguguna sa recording, sino kaya in-demand abroad….sinong most admire media company, sinong best station sa mga unibersidad..yan achieve muna nila para mapatunayan mo sinasabi mo…
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Ha ha ha ha ha.
may sense of humor naman pala c john.
kaso walang laman ang kokote. ha hah ha ha ha…
kahit bata matanda tindero driver alam na abscbn ang number one.
GMA is good for nothing.
Nyahahahahahhahahahahahh!!!!!!
Ikaw kaya ang napipikon jan….
bwahahahahahahahahahaahaha!!!!!
magisa ka nalng tanggapin mo na kc.
yhahahahahahhahahahahahahahahahahaha
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john, d ka pala tapos!!!! hahaha.
ur right adik sa dos. halatang pikon na c JOHN. he is being mean. hmmmmpppp.
wala naman cyang maipresent na maayos kung bakit number sila…puro lang opinion na walang kwenta.
of all d kapuso, ikaw na ang pinaka bitter at pinaka loser!!!!!!!!
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ang pikon ay talo!
e d talo c John!!!!!
bwahahahahahaha!!!!
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nyhahahahaha..pikon na si adik sa dos..
puputok na yan… magsitabi tau.
tignan mo nanood ka ng darna pakunwari ka pa jan!
hehehehehe
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at tsaka tignan nyo nainggit din si charo kaya nanonod din ng darna!
nyahahahahahaha!!!
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